- Count View : 53
- آدرس کوتاه شده مقاله: https://bahareadab.com/article_id/2016
- کد IranDOI مقاله: IranDOI :10.irandoi.2002/bahareadab.2026 .19 .7911
volume Number : 19
number In Volume : 4
issue Number : 122
Journal of the stylistic of Persian poem and prose
volume Number 19،
number In Volume 4،
،
issue Number 122
A study on the social content of 9th century literature, a case study: Newsmen in the Timurid era
Razyeh Imani , Fatemeh Heydari (Author in Charge), Ahmad Zakeri , Mehdi Mohaghegh
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: There have always been some institutions for managing the affairs in human societies, constituted by emergence of the governments. One example of such institutions is Al-Barid Tribunal which constituted as a result of necessity for getting news. Al-Barid Tribunal was formed in ancient times, and it had been working until Islamic era. However, it was terminated in Iran during Ilkhanate era, when the neighbor nations and local states had to employ Chaparkhaneh (post offices). The post offices also used in Teimourian Dynasty, and they become more systematic than Ilkhanate era. This study examines institutional frameworks associated with the distribution communications in the Timurid period focusing specifically on the personnel within these networks.
METHODOLOGY: The present research was conducted in two documentary and library methods.
FINDINGS: The post office (Chaparkhaneh) is indeed a station where the envoys and messengers rested there and replaced their tired horses with remounts. During Teimourian Dynasty in Iran, the envoys were assigned to give news, hand over the gifts and presents to the kings, and sometimes, to mediate for reconciliation and compromise. To fulfill their assigned tasks, they must enjoy such traits as shrewdness, oratorical skill, and political immunity and they were respected by the kings. During the mentioned era, the messengers, spies, and homing pigeons were also employed for giving news.
CONCLUSION: A thorough reading of the sources reveals a considerable amount of information related to the arrangement of the intelligence system and the numerous types of couriers who were active during the Timurid period. Even if the groundwork of the Chapar (postal relay) system was first laid in the Ilkhanids period, the Mongol Khans were still incompetent in managing the institution. However, Timur was able to reorganize and integrate both the systems of cirulation of news and the Chapar networks to a greater extent
Keyword
Letter
, News
, Chaparkhaneh (post office)
, Envoy
, Messenger
- Navabi, J. and Amiri, A. (2016). Security Function of the Barid Divan in Central Governments of Iran (from the 3rd to 9th Centuries AH). Disciplinary History Studies, 3(10), pp. 55-84.
- Zargari Nejad, G. and Sabah, K. (2012). Diplomatic Fire in Iran from the Beginning of Qajar to the End of the Naseri Period. Foreign Relations History Quarterly, 13(51), pp. 79-89.
- Kaboli, A., Mohammad Rad, M. and Aghayari Zahed, R. (2023). Economic and Cultural Sociology Based on Mentioning Jobs and Professions in Timurid Era Poetry (Case Study: Poems of Amir Alishir Nava’i, Ahli Shirazi, Jami, Shah Qasem Anvar, Shah Nematollah Vali, Helali Jaghatai). Scientific Journal of Stylistics of Persian Poetry and Prose (Bahar-e Adab), 17(2), pp. 117-141.
- Karimi, A. and Fathi Salamat, E. (2011). Sadat in the Timurid Era. Shiology Quarterly, 9(36), pp. 119-150.
- Books
- Anvari, H. (1976). Administrative Terminology of the Ghaznavid and Seljuk Periods. Tehran: Tahoori Library, p. 187.
- Brown, B. (1993). Astronomer of Tabriz: Jahangosha. Trans. by Zabihollah Mansouri. 4th ed. Tehran: Mostowfi Library, p. 100.
- Jami, A. (2006). Masnavi Haft Awrang. Ed. by Morteza Modarres Gilani. Tehran: Ahura Publications, p. 617.
- Hafez, S. M. (1968). Divan of Ghazals. Ed. by Mohammad Qazvini and Qasem Ghani. Tehran: Yasmin Publications, p. 200.
- Khvandamir, G. (2001). Habib al-Siyar. Introduction by Jalal-al-Din Homaei. 4th ed. Tehran: Khayyam Publications, Vol. 1 p. 197, Vol. 3 p. 455, Vol. 4 pp. 628, 635.
- Dehkhoda, A. A. (1998). Loghat Nameh. Tehran: University of Tehran Publications.
- Zaydan, G. (1993). History of Islamic Civilization. Trans. by Ali Javaheri. 7th ed. Tehran: Amirkabir Publications, pp. 86, 185, 1157.
- Samarqandi, K. A. (1942). Matla-us-Sa’dayn wa Majma-ul-Bahrayn. Vol. 1, Book 2. Ed. by Abdolhossein Navabi. 2nd ed. Tehran: Institute for Humanities and Cultural Studies, pp. 544, 546, 551.
- Shami, N. (1983). Zafarnamah. Ed. by Panahi Semnani. Tehran: Bamdad Publications, pp. 94-95, 118, 158, 409.
- Sharik Amin, S. (1978). Dictionary of Mongol Terms. Tehran: Iranian Academy of Literature and Art, p. 258.
- Shokri, Y. (1971). Alam Aray-e Safavi. Tehran: Iranian Culture Foundation Publications, p. 160.
- Manz, B. F. (1994). The Rise and Rule of Tamerlane. Trans. by Mansour Sefatgol. 2nd ed. Tehran: Rasa Cultural Services, p. 152.
- Christensen, A. (1963). Iran during the Sassanids. Trans. by Gholamreza Rashid Yasemi. Tehran: Donyaye Ketab, pp. 162, 527. [Note: Corrected “Sib” to “Christensen” based on context].
- Clavijo, G. (1859). Embassy to Tamerlane. Trans. by Masoud Rajabnia. Tehran: Book Translation and Publishing Company, pp. 164-165, 177.
- Lockhart, L. and Jackson, P. (2021). The Cambridge History of Iran, Vol. 6. Trans. by Teymour Ghaderi. 5th ed. Tehran: Mahtab Publications, p. 69.
- Mirkhvand, M. (2001). Rawzat al-Safa. Vol. 6, Part 1. Ed. by Jamshid Kian. Tehran: Asatir Publications, p. 3528.
- Nezami Aruzi, A. (1948). Chahar Maqala. Ed. by Mohammad Qazvini and Mohammad Moein. Leiden: Brill Printing House, p. 49.
- Yazdi, S. A. (2008). Zafarnamah. Vols. 1 and 2. Researched by Seyed Saeed Mir-Mohammad Sadegh. Tehran: Library, Museum and Document Center of Iran Parliament Publications, Vol. 1 p. 375, Vol. 2 p. 1025.